Autism as a Disorder of Neural Information Processing:

Directions for Research and Targets for Therapy

Matthew K Belmonte
Edwin H Cook, Jr
George M Anderson
John LR Rubenstein
William T Greenough
Andrea Beckel-Mitchener
Eric Courchesne
Lisa M Boulanger
Susan B Powell
Pat R Levitt
Elaine K Perry
Yong-hui Jiang
Timothy M DeLorey
Elaine Tierney

Molecular Psychiatry 9(7):646-663 (July 2004).

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Abstract:
The broad variation in phenotypes and severities within autism spectrum disorders suggests the involvement of multiple predisposing factors, interacting in complex ways with normal developmental courses and gradients. Identification of these factors, and the common developmental path into which they feed, is hampered by the large degrees of convergence from causal factors to altered brain development, and divergence from abnormal brain development into altered cognition and behaviour. Genetic, neurochemical, neuroimaging and behavioural findings on autism, as well as studies of normal development and of genetic syndromes that share symptoms with autism, offer hypotheses as to the nature of causal factors and their possible effects on the structure and dynamics of neural systems. Such alterations in neural properties may in turn perturb activity-dependent development, giving rise to a complex behavioural syndrome many steps removed from the root causes. Animal models based on genetic, neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioural manipulations offer the possibility of exploring these developmental processes in detail, as do human studies addressing endophenotypes beyond the diagnosis itself.

Key words: autism, development, neurochemistry, genetics, animal models

This paper is the report of the meeting `Pinpointing Autism: Neurochemical Targets and Research Directions in Developmental Neurobiology' convened by Cure Autism Now in Santa Monica, California, April 2002. In addition to those workshop participants who have directly contributed to this review, we wish to acknowledge the participation of of Michael Merzenich, Eric Hollander, Steven Watkins, Maja Bucan, and Mark Geyer, whose insights have helped shape this discussion.

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CITED IN MY OTHER PUBLICATIONS:

  1. Belmonte MK, Allen G, Beckel-Mitchener A, Boulanger LM, Carper RA, Webb SJ. Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience 24(42):9228-9231 (20 October 2004).
  2. Baron-Cohen S, Belmonte MK. Autism: a window onto the development of the social and the analytic brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 28:109-126 (2005).
  3. Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK. Sex differences in the brain: Implications for explaining autism. Science 310(5749):819-823 (4 November 2005).
  4. Belmonte MK. Abnormal visual motion processing as a neural endophenotype of autism. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive / Current Psychology of Cognition 23(1-2):65-74 (2005).
  5. Belmonte MK, Carper RA. Monozygotic twins with Asperger syndrome: differences in behaviour reflect variations in brain structure and function. Brain and Cognition 61(1):110-121 (June 2006).
  6. Belmonte MK, Mazziotta JC, Minshew NJ, Evans AC, Courchesne E, Dager SR, Bookheimer SY, Aylward EH, Amaral DG, Cantor RM, Chugani DC, Dale AM, Davatzikos C, Gerig G, Herbert MR, Lainhart JE, Murphy DG, Piven J, Reiss AL, Schultz RT, Zeffiro TA, Levi-Pearl S, Lajonchere C, Colamarino SA. Offering to share: How to put heads together in autism neuroimaging. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38(1):2-13 (January 2008).
  7. Belmonte MK. Does the experimental scientist have a “theory of mind”? Review of General Psychology 12(2):192-204 (June 2008).
  8. Baron-Cohen S, Golan O, Chakrabarti B, Belmonte MK. Social cognition and autism spectrum conditions. In: Social Cognition and Developmental Psychopathology (C Sharp, P Fonagy, I Goodyer, eds.), pp 29-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press (4 September 2008).
  9. Belmonte MK, Bonneh YS, Adini Y, Iversen PE, Akshoomoff NA, Kenet T, Moore CI, Simon HJ, Houde JF, Merzenich MM. Autism overflows with syntheses. Neuropsychology Review 19(2):273-274 (June 2009).
  10. Belmonte MK. What’s the story behind ‘theory of mind’ and autism? Journal of Consciousness Studies 16(6-8):118-139 (June-August 2009).
  11. Belmonte MK, Gomot M, Baron-Cohen S. Visual attention in autism families: ‘unaffected’ sibs share atypical frontal activation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51(3):259-276 (March 2010).