References

1

N Akshoomoff, K Pierce, E Courchesne,
`The neurobiological basis of autism from a developmental perspective',
Development and Psychopathology 14(3):613-634 (2002).

2

G Allen, E Courchesne,
`Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism',
American Journal of Psychiatry 160(2):262-273 (2003).

3

American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4/e. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association (1994).

4

BA Ardekani, SJ Choi, G-A Hossein-Zadeh, B Porjesz, JL Tanabe, KO Lim, R Bilder, JA Helpern, H Begleiter,
`Functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain activity in the visual oddball task',
Cognitive Brain Research 14(3):347-356 (2002).

5

EH Aylward, NJ Minshew, K Field, BF Sparks, N Singh,
`Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism',
Neurology 59(2):175-183 (2002).

6

S Baron-Cohen, AM Leslie, U Frith,
`Does the autistic child have a ``theory of mind''?'
Cognition 21(1):37-46 (1985).

7

S Baron-Cohen, HA Ring, S Wheelwright, ET Bullmore, MJ Brammer, A Simmons, SCR Williams,
`Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study',
European Journal of Neuroscience 11(6):1891-1898 (1999).

8

MK Belmonte,
`Shifts of visual spatial attention modulate a steady-state visual evoked potential',
Cognitive Brain Research 6(4):295-307 (1998).

9

MK Belmonte,
`Abnormal attention in autism shown by steady-state visual evoked potentials',
Autism 4(3):269-285 (2000).

10

MK Belmonte, DA Yurgelun-Todd,
`Permutation testing made practical for functional magnetic resonance image analysis',
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 20(3):243-248 (2001).

11

MK Belmonte, DA Yurgelun-Todd,
`Anatomic dissociation of selective and suppressive processes in visual attention',
NeuroImage, in press 2003.

12

V Bosch,
`Statistical analysis of multi-subject fMRI data: assessment of focal activations',
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 11(1):61-64 (2000).

13

JA Burack,
`Selective attention deficits in persons with autism: preliminary evidence of an inefficient attentional lens',
Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103(3):535-543 (1994).

14

JA Burack, JT Enns, JEA Stauder, L Mottron, B Randolph,
`Attention and autism: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence'
In: Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders 2/e (DJ Cohen & FR Volkmar, eds.), New York: Wiley, pp. 226-247 (1997).

15

RA Carper, E Courchesne,
`Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism',
Brain 123(4):836-844 (2000).

16

RA Carper, P Moses, ZD Tigue, E Courchesne,
`Cerebral lobes in autism: early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects',
NeuroImage 16(4):1038-1051 (2002).

17

MF Casanova, DP Buxhoeveden, AE Switala, E Roy,
`Minicolumnar pathology in autism',
Neurology 58(3):428-432 (2002a).

18

MF Casanova, DP Buxhoeveden, AE Switala, E Roy,
`Asperger's syndrome and cortical neuropathology',
Journal of Child Neurology 17(2):142-145 (2002b).

19

BJ Casey, CT Gordon, GB Mannheim, JM Rumsey,
`Dysfunctional attention in autistic savants',
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 15(6):933-946 (1993).

20

F Castelli, C Frith, F Happé, U Frith,
`Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes',
Brain 125(8):1839-1849 (2002).

21

KT Ciesielski, E Courchesne, R Elmasian,
`Effects of focused selective attention tasks on event-related potentials in autistic and normal individuals',
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 75(3):207-220 (1990).

22

VP Clark, S Fannon, S Lai, R Benson, L Bauer,
`Responses to rare visual target and distractor stimuli using event-related fMRI',
Journal of Neurophysiology 83(5):3133-3139 (2000).

23

JD Connolly, MA Goodale, JFX Desouza, RS Menon, T Vilis,
`A comparison of frontoparietal fMRI activation during anti-saccades and anti-pointing',
Journal of Neurophysiology 84(3):1645-1655 (2000).

24

M Corbetta,
`Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems?',
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95(3):831-838 (1998).

25

M Corbetta, FM Miezin, GL Shulman, SE Petersen,
`A PET study of visuospatial attention',
Journal of Neuroscience 13(3):1202-1226 (1993).

26

E Courchesne, H Chisum, J Townsend,
`Neural activity-dependent brain changes in development: implications for psychopathology',
Development and Psychopathology 6:697-722 (1994).

27

E Courchesne, C Karns, HR Davis, R Ziccardi, RA Carper, ZD Tigue, HJ Chisum, P Moses, K Pierce, C Lord, AJ Lincoln, S Pizzo, L Schreibman, RH Haas, NA Akshoomoff, RY Courchesne,
`Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study',
Neurology 57(2):245-254 (2001).

28

E Courchesne, AJ Lincoln, R Yeung-Courchesne, R Elmasian, C Grillon,
`Pathophysiologic findings in nonretarded autism and receptive developmental language disorder',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19(1):1-17 (1989).

29

E Courchesne, J Townsend, N Akshoomoff, O Saitoh, R Yeung-Courchesne, AJ Lincoln, R Haas, L Schreibman, L Lau,
`Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients',
Behavioral Neuroscience 108(5):848-865 (1994).

30

E Courchesne, J Townsend, N Akshoomoff, R Yeung-Courchesne, AJ Lincoln, G Press, J Murakami, H James, O Saitoh, B Egaas, R Haas, L Schreibman,
`A new finding: impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients'
In: Atypical Cognitive Deficits in Developmental Disorders: Implications for Brain Function (SH Broman & J Grafman, eds.), Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 101-137 (1994).

31

RW Cox,
`AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages',
Computers and Biomedical Research 29(3):162-173 (1996).

32

HD Critchley, EM Daly, ET Bullmore, SCR Williams, T Van Amelsvoort, DM Robertson, A Rowe, M Phillips, G McAlonan, P Howlin, DGM Murphy,
`The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions',
Brain 123(11):2203-2212 (2000).

33

C Feinstein, AL Reiss,
`Autism: the point of view from fragile X studies',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28(5):393-405 (1998).

34

KJ Friston, AP Holmes, KJ Worsley, JP Poline, CD Frith, RSJ Frackowiak,
`Statistical parametric maps in functional neuroimaging: a general linear approach',
Human Brain Mapping 2:189-210 (1995).

35

KJ Friston, KJ Worsley, RSJ Frackowiak, JC Mazziotta, AC Evans,
`Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent',
Human Brain Mapping 1:210-220 (1994).

36

U Frith,
Autism: Explaining the Enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1989).

37

U Frith,
`Mind blindness and the brain in autism',
Neuron 32(6):969-979 (2001).

38

U Frith, F Happé,
`Autism: beyond ``theory of mind''',
Cognition 50(1-3):115-132 (1994).

39

B Gaymard, CJ Ploner, S Rivaud, AI Vermersch, C Pierrot-Deseilligny,
`Cortical control of saccades',
Experimental Brain Research 123(1-2):159-163 (1998).

40

G Goldstein, CR Johnson, NJ Minshew,
`Attentional processes in autism',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31(4):433-439 (2001).

41

CM Gomez-Gonzalez, VP Clark, S Fan, SJ Luck, SA Hillyard, `Sources of attention-sensitive visual event-related potentials',
Brain Topography 7(1):41-51 (1994).

42

WT Greenough, AY Klintsova, SA Irwin, R Galvez, KE Bates, IJ Weiler,
`Synaptic regulation of protein synthesis and the fragile X protein',
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(13):7101-7106 (2001).

43

F Happé,
`Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style?'
Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3(6):216-222 (1999).

44

NS Harris, E Courchesne, J Townsend, RA Carper, C Lord,
`Neuroanatomic contributions to slowed orienting of attention in children with autism',
Cognitive Brain Research 8(1):61-71 (1999).

45

HJ Heinze, GR Mangun, W Burchert, H Hinrichs, M Scholz, TF Münte, A Gös, M Scherg, S Johannes, H Hundeshagen, MS Gazzaniga, SA Hillyard,
`Combined spatial and temporal imaging of brain activity during visual selective attention in humans',
Nature 372(6506):543-546 (1994).

46

SA Hillyard, H Hinrichs, C Tempelmann, ST Morgan, JC Hansen, H Scheich, H-J Heinze,
`Combining steady-state visual evoked potentials and fMRI to localize brain activity during selective attention',
Human Brain Mapping 5(4):287-292 (1997).

47

AP Holmes, KJ Friston,
`Generalisability, random effects and population inference',
NeuroImage 7:S754 (1998).

48

JB Hopfinger, MH Buonocore, GR Mangun,
`The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control',
Nature Neuroscience 3(3):284-291 (2000).

49

C Kemner, MN Verbaten, JM Cuperus, G Camfferman, H van Engeland,
`Visual and somatosensory event-related brain potentials in autistic children and three different control groups',
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 92(3):225-237 (1994).

50

C Kemner, MN Verbaten, JM Cuperus, G Camfferman, H van Engeland,
`Auditory event-related brain potentials in autistic children and three different control groups',
Biological Psychiatry 38(3):150-165 (1995).

51

A Klin, FR Volkmar, SS Sparrow,
`Autistic social dysfunction: some limitations of the theory of mind hypothesis',
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33(5):861-876 (1992).

52

DEJ Linden, D Prvulovic, E Formisano, M Völlinger, FE Zanella, R Goebel, T Dierks,
`The functional neuroanatomy of target detection: an fMRI study of visual and auditory oddball tasks',
Cerebral Cortex 9(8):815-823 (1999).

53

C Lord, M Rutter, A Le Couteur,
`Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24(5):659-685 (1994).

54

B Luna, NJ Minshew, KE Garver, NA Lazar, KR Thulborn, WF Eddy, JA Sweeney,
`Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory',
Neurology 59(6):834-840 (2002).

55

LC Maas, BD Frederick, PF Renshaw,
`Decoupled automated rotational and translational registration for functional MRI time series data: the DART registration algorithm',
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 37(1):131-139 (1997).

56

GR Mangun, SA Hillyard, SJ Luck,
`Electrocortical substrates of visual selective attention',
Attention and Performance 14:219-243 (1993).

57

A Martinez, L Anllo-Vento, MI Sereno, LR Frank, RB Buxton, DJ Dubowitz, EC Wong, H Hinrichs, HJ Heinze, SA Hillyard,
`Involvement of striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas in visual attention',
Nature Neuroscience 2(4):364-369 (1999).

58

G McCarthy, M Luby, J Gore, P Goldman-Rakic,
`Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by functional MRI',
Journal of Neurophysiology 77(3):1630-1634 (1997).

59

NJ Minshew, G Goldstein, DJ Siegel,
`Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: profile of a complex information processing disorder',
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3(4):303-316 (1997).

60

NJ Minshew, B Luna, JA Sweeney,
`Oculomotor evidence for neocortical systems but not cerebellar dysfunction in autism',
Neurology 52(5):917-922 (1999).

61

AF Mirsky, BJ Anthony, CC Duncan, MB Ahearn, SG Kellam,
`Analysis of the elements of attention: a neuropsychological approach',
Neuropsychology Review 2(2):109-145 (1991).

62

ST Morgan, JC Hansen, SA Hillyard,
`Selective attention to stimulus location modulates the steady-state visual evoked potential',
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93(10):4770-4774 (1996).

63

R-A Müller, K Pierce, JB Ambrose, G Allen, E Courchesne,
`Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study',
Biological Psychiatry 49(8):665-676 (2001).

64

TP Naidich, AG Valavanis, S Kubik,
`Anatomic relationships along the low-middle convexity: part I-- normal specimens and magnetic resonance imaging',
Neurosurgery 36(3):517-532 (1995).

65

TE Nichols, AP Holmes,
`Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples',
Human Brain Mapping 15(1):1-25 (2002).

66

AC Nobre, GN Sebestyen, DR Gitelman, MM Mesulam, RS Frackowiak, CD Frith,
`Functional localization of the system for visuospatial attention using positron emission tomography',
Brain 120(3):515-533 (1997).

67

B Novick, D Kurtzberg, HG Vaughn Jr,
`An electrophysiologic indication of defective information storage in childhood autism',
Psychiatry Research 1(1):101-108 (1979).

68

S Ozonoff, B Pennington, SJ Rogers,
`Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind',
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32(7):1081-1105 (1991).

69

JV Pardo, PT Fox, ME Raichle,
`Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography',
Nature 349(6304):61-64 (1991).

70

K Pierce, R-A Müller, J Ambrose, G Allen, E Courchesne,
`Face processing occurs outside the fusiform `face area' in autism: evidence from functional MRI',
Brain 124(10):2059-2073 (2001).

71

NJ Rinehart, JL Bradshaw, SA Moss, AV Brereton, BJ Tonge,
`A deficit in shifting attention present in high-functioning autism but not Asperger's disorder',
Autism 5(1):67-80 (2001).

72

HA Ring, S Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, SCR Williams, MJ Brammer, C Andrew, ET Bullmore,
`Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism',
Brain 122(7):1305-1315 (1999).

73

SJ Rogers, BF Pennington,
`A theoretical approach to the deficits in infantile autism',
Development and Psychopathology 3:137-162 (1991).

74

J Russell, R Saltmarsh, E Hill.
`What do executive factors contribute to the failure on false belief tasks by children with autism?',
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40(6):859-868 (1999).

75

RT Schultz, I Gauthier, A Klin, RK Fulbright, AW Anderson, F Volkmar, P Skudlarski, C Lacadie, DJ Cohen, JC Gore,
`Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome',
Archives of General Psychiatry 57(4):331-340 (2000).

76

BF Sparks, SD Friedman, DW Shaw, EH Aylward, D Echelard, AA Artru, KR Maravilla, JN Giedd, J Munson, G Dawson, SR Dager,
`Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder',
Neurology 59(2):184-192 (2002).

77

AA Stevens, P Skudlarski, JC Gatenby, JC Gore,
`Event-related fMRI of auditory and visual oddball tasks',
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 18(5):495-502 (2000).

78

J Talairach, P Tournoux,
Co-Planar Stereotactic Atlas of the Human Brain. New York: Thieme (1988).

79

J Townsend, E Courchesne,
`Parietal damage and narrow ``spotlight'' spatial attention',
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6(3):220-232 (1994).

80

J Townsend, E Courchesne, B Egaas,
`Slowed orienting of covert visual-spatial attention in autism: specific deficits associated with cerebellar and parietal abnormality',
Development and Psychopathology 8(3):563-584 (1996a).

81

J Townsend, E Courchesne, J Covington, M Westerfield, NS Harris, P Lyden, TP Lowry, GA Press,
`Spatial attention deficits in patients with acquired or developmental cerebellar abnormality',
Journal of Neuroscience 19(13):5632-5643 (1999).

82

J Townsend, N Singer-Harris, E Courchesne,
`Visual attention abnormalities in autism: delayed orienting to location',
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2(6):541-550 (1996b).

83

J Townsend, M Westerfield, E Leaver, S Makeig, T Jung, K Pierce, E Courchesne,
`Event-related brain response abnormalities in autism: evidence for impaired cerebello-frontal spatial attention networks',
Cognitive Brain Research 11(1):127-145 (2001).

84

R Vandenberghe, J Duncan, KM Arnell, SJ Bishop, NJ Herrod, AM Owen, PS Minhas, P Dupont, JD Pickard, GA Orban,
`Maintaining and shifting attention within left or right hemifield',
Cerebral Cortex 10(7):706-713 (2000).

85

R Vandenberghe, J Duncan, P Dupont, R Ward, J Poline, G Bormans, J Michiels, L Mortelmans, GA Orban,
`Attention to one or two features in left or right visual field: a positron emission tomography study',
Journal of Neuroscience 17(10):3739-3750 (1997).

86

R Vandenberghe, P Dupont, B De Bruyn, G Bormans, J Michiels, L Mortelmans, GA Orban,
`The influence of stimulus location on the brain activation pattern in detection and orientation discrimination. A PET study of visual attention.'
Brain 119(4):1263-1276 (1996).

87

MN Verbaten, JW Roelofs, H van Engeland, JK Kenemans, JL Slangen,
`Abnormal visual event-related potentials of autistic children',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 21(4):449-470 (1991).

88

JA Wainwright-Sharp, SE Bryson, `Visual orienting deficits in high-functioning people with autism',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 23(1):1-13 (1993).

89

JA Wainwright-Sharp, SE Bryson,
`Visual-spatial orienting in autism',
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26(4):423-438 (1996).

90

E Wojciulik, N Kanwisher,
`The generality of parietal involvement in visual attention',
Neuron 23(4):747-764 (1999).

91

T Yoshiura, J Zhong, DK Shibata, WE Kwok, DA Shrier, Y Numaguchi,
`Functional MRI study of auditory and visual oddball tasks',
Neuroreport 10(8):1683-1688 (1999).