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Functional Anatomy of Impaired Selective Attention and Compensatory Processing in Autism

Matthew Belmonte and Deborah Yurgelun-Todd

Cognitive Brain Research 17(3):651-664 (October 2003).

Abstract:

In autism, physiological indices of selective attention have been shown to be abnormal even in situations where behaviour is intact. This divergence between behaviour and physiology suggests the action of some compensatory process of attention, one which may hold clues to the aetiology of autism's characteristic cognitive phenotype. Six subjects with autism spectrum disorders and six normal control subjects were studied with fMRI while performing a bilateral visual spatial attention task. In normal subjects, the task evoked activation in a network of cortical regions including superior parietal lobe (p<0.001), left middle temporal gyrus (p=0.002), left inferior (p<0.001) and middle (p<0.02) frontal gyri, and medial frontal gyrus (p<0.02). Autistic subjects, in contrast, showed activation in bilateral ventral occipital cortex (p<0.03) and striate cortex (p<0.05). Within the task condition, a region-of-interest comparison of attend-left versus attend-right conditions indicated that modulation of activation in the autistic brain as a function of the lateral focus of spatial attention was abnormally decreased in left ventral occipital cortex (p<0.03), abnormally increased in left intraparietal sulcus (p<0.01), and abnormally variable in superior parietal lobe (p<0.03). These results are discussed in terms of a model of autism in which a pervasive defect of neural and synaptic development produces over-connected neural systems prone to noise and crosstalk, resulting in hyper-arousal and reduced selectivity. These low-level attentional traits may be the developmental basis for higher-order cognitive styles such as weak central coherence.

Theme: 100.000 DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Topic: 100.007 Developmental disorders
Key words: autism, visual attention, arousal, fMRI, parietal, intraparietal sulcus


 

This work was supported by a grant from the National Alliance for Autism Research. In addition, a portion of the data analysis and writing was conducted while the first author was supported by a grant from Cure Autism Now. We thank Margaret Bauman, David Beversdorf, and Deborah Fein for subject referrals, David Beversdorf for sharing ADI-R scores of four of the subjects, and most of all our subjects for giving so much of their time.

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CITED IN MY OTHER PUBLICATIONS:

  1. Belmonte MK, Allen G, Beckel-Mitchener A, Boulanger LM, Carper RA, Webb SJ. Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience 24(42):9228-9231 (20 October 2004).
  2. Baron-Cohen S, Belmonte MK. Autism: a window onto the development of the social and the analytic brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 28:109-126 (2005).
  3. Belmonte MK. Abnormal visual motion processing as a neural endophenotype of autism. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive / Current Psychology of Cognition 23(1-2):65-74 (2005).
  4. Bonneh YS, Belmonte MK, Pei F, Iversen PE, Kenet T, Akshoomoff NA, Adini Y, Simon HJ, Moore CI, Houde JF, Merzenich MM. Cross-modal extinction in a boy with severely autistic behaviour and high verbal intelligence. Cognitive Neuropsychology 25(5):635-652 (2008).
  5. Gomot M, Belmonte MK, Bullmore ET, Bernard FA, Baron-Cohen S. Brain hyper-reactivity to auditory novel targets in children with high-functioning autism. Brain 131(9):2479-2488 (September 2008).
  6. Baron-Cohen S, Golan O, Chakrabarti B, Belmonte MK. Social cognition and autism spectrum conditions. In: Social Cognition and Developmental Psychopathology (C Sharp, P Fonagy, I Goodyer, eds.), pp 29-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press (4 September 2008).
  7. Belmonte MK. What’s the story behind ‘theory of mind’ and autism? Journal of Consciousness Studies 16(6-8):118-139 (June-August 2009).
  8. Belmonte MK, Gomot M, Baron-Cohen S. Visual attention in autism families: ‘unaffected’ sibs share atypical frontal activation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51(3):259-276 (March 2010).
  9. Valla JM, Ganzel BL, Yoder KJ, Chen GM, Lyman LT, Sidari AP, Keller AE, Maendel JW, Perlman JE, Wong SKL, Belmonte MK. More than maths and mindreading: sex differences in empathizing/systemizing covariance. Autism Research 3(4):174-184 (August 2010).